The Movie Les Miserables ( 2012, United Kingdom )

This project focuses on the movie Les Misà ©rables (2012, United Kingdom). The film is an epic romantic musical directed by Tom Hooper. As a film, Les Misà ©rables is based on a musical by Claude-Michel Schonberg and Alain Boublil that goes by the same name (Les Misà ©rables) and is also based upon Victor Hugo’s French novel - Les Misà ©rables, 1862 (Shoard n.p). This analysis looks at various elements of the movie ranging from the themes used in the film, its genre, artistic movement, the director’s style and the film’s representation on its country’s culture. The movie tells the story of an ex-convict by the name of Jean Valjean. Mr. Valjean resorts to change his life after getting inspiration from a kind hearted pastor. He ends up being a factory owner as well as a mayor in a one of the town’s in France. Even though he is focused on making positive strides, his past is something he is wary of. Valjean is wary of being recaptured by Monsieur Javert, a ruthless police inspector with the reputation of hunting down criminals and a strong belief that law breakers are not capable of change. One of Jean Valjean’s workers, a woman by the name of Fantine ends up as a prostitute after being cast out of the factory. She ends up dying and Valjean ends up feeling responsible for her demise. To make up for it, he adopts Fantine’s daughter Cosette offering to take care of her. When Cosette matures, they end up being embroiled in the political unrest that took place during the 1832 ParisShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Wo rds   |  922 Pagesstored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher

Essay about Globalization The Explotation of the Poor By...

The concept of Globalisation is a contested terrain. Authors such as Jameson (1988) discuss globalisation as a new marvel, as yet out with any specific field of academia, defining it as an â€Å"immense enlargement in communication with more tangible and immediate world markets than earlier stages of modernity†. McGrew (2000, as cited in Marsh, Keating, Punch and Harden 2000, pg. 380) has identified that globalisation is not a new concept but its fervour has certainly magnified. This essay will outline and describe the main features of globalisation focussing on the economical dimensions, although these decisions are affected by politics, which in turn affect the environmental and cultural aspects of life. With this in mind consideration will†¦show more content†¦Thirdly, social interaction can now happen instantaneously. Technological advances such as internet or satellite communication connect people from different parts of the globe in real-time. Local events are shaped by situations occurring globally, for example fighting in Afghanistan can be watched virtually bullet by bullet. Fourthly, individuals consider themselves to be part of a worldwide collective, rather than only connected to their immediate localities or countries. To understand the emergence of the free market it is useful to look back to the end of the Second World War. A conference attended by the global North, led by America and Britain was held in Bretton Woods. The outcomes significantly impacted post war economics developing state-run capitalism such as; protection of national economies, expansion of international trading and cutting import duty. The international monetary fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) were established providing capital to rebuild Europe. Multinational agreements were signed actuating the world trade organisation (WTO) Steger (2009). Harman (2000) claims significant economic growth was the result. Unemployment fell, wages and living standards improved significantly; the welfare state was introduced in Britain and New deal in the US. However, by 1973 recession struck the West.Show MoreRelatedPositive And Negative Outcomes Of Economic Globalization1635 Words   |  7 PagesIn this article, I review the literature on the positive and negative outcomes of economic globalization, and the impact on developed and developing nations. The findings indicate a strong trend in the belief that developed countries dominate in the world of international trade, as there resources ensure a competitive advantage over poorer undeveloped nations. In addition, it can be concluded that the great benefits of free trade, defined broadly as â€Å"free movement of goods, services, and capital

Disorderly Youth in Communities - 783 Words

Disorderly youth are big problems in most communities whether they are associated with gangs or not. Problems consist of loitering, graffiti, property damage, vandalism, noise, cursing, fighting, assaults, panhandling, shoplifting, underage drinking, drug dealing, etc. Some problems are only highly annoying while other misconduct is full of hatred and violence. No matter the significance of the problem is should be handled because if not small problems can turn into much bigger issues in which will be harder to handle later on. Many problems with disorderly youth occur in shopping malls, businesses, public parks, school grounds, convenience stores, and other common areas. Gangs are very appealing to youth where gangs thrive because they fulfill the need for attention and the need to belong. Identity can be gained in the gang culture along with friendships and the closeness that lacks in a child’s home. Gangs fulfill survival functions for youths by becoming family and earning living through illicit activity. (Hess, 2011) There are many theories and methods that can be used in the situation of disorderly youth. The Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) believes if joining gangs is prevented early on, then there will be no problems to deal with later on and therefore created three implications for efforts to prevent youths in joining gangs. Prevention efforts should begin early, target youths exposed to multiple risk factors, and address all facets of youthsShow MoreRelatedSituational And Situational Crime Prevention Theory1454 Words   |  6 Pagesserious crimes (Text, 463)†. Crime and disorder are generally inseparably connected in a developmental series, at the community level. The series contains three stages. First, the spiral of decline starts when disorderly individuals are permitted to take over public places. These disorderly people are not exactly criminals or violent individuals, they are disreputable, disorderly, impulsive, panhandlers, drunks, addicts, rowdy teenagers, prostitutes, loiters, and the mentally ill. While, the chancesRead MoreThe Lgbt Court Involved Yout h770 Words   |  4 Pagescontributes to the negative experiences of the LGBT court-involved youth. The root is the lack of understanding and bias against the LGBT community. These issues seize the effectiveness of the juvenile justice system in working to assist with the LGBT youth community (Majd, Marksamer Reyes, 2009). There is a huge lack of acceptance and misconceptions about the sexual orientation and gender identities of juveniles. It is myth that youth cannot be LGBT and that they do not exist within the juvenile detentionRead MoreJuvenile Justice System Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pages(Neubauer, 447). New Jersey is a combination state where the state operates most delinquency services for youth in New Jersey, with the exception of secure detention. However, responsibility is divided between the state judicial and state executive branches (Center on Juvenile Criminal Justice). Juvenile delinquency is behavior that if committed by an adult would constitute a crime or disorderly persons offense (Neubauer, 446). Every state has their own definition of adolescent offenders and decidedRead MoreJuvenile Justice System1739 Words   |  7 Pages(Neubauer, 447). New Jersey is a combination state where the state operates most delinquency services for youth in New Jersey, with the exception of secure detention. However, responsibility is divided between the state judicial and state executive branches (Center on Juvenile Criminal Justice). Juvenile delinquency is behavior that if committed by an adult would constitute a crime or disorderly persons offense (Neubauer, 446). Every state has their own definition of adolescent offenders and decidedRead MoreThe Causes Of Juvenile Delinquency1172 Words   |  5 Pageshowever, lean more towards sanctioning, harsher sentencing and less forgiveness. With juvenile crimes the purpose of sanctioning is to rehabilitate and hopefully restore a productive member back to society. Every year approximately 2.1 million youth under the age of 18 are arrested in the United States. Although the overall rates have been declining over the past years, approximately 1.7 million delinquency cases are disposed of in juvenile courts annually. According to the Office ofRead MoreMy Primary Color Is Gold And Secondary Color Type Is Green752 Words   |  4 Pagesattended Post University in high school I worked for Family Court in Queens, New York. I was involved in a program called Quest, Youth Court of Innovation which, is a program for young teens aged between ten through eighteen. Being refereed by the Queens Family Court, the Law department and Probation Officers. Receiving low crimes for offenses such as vandalism, disorderly conduct, and trespassing. These young teens would appear before a jude and jury of their neighborhood peers. Giving young peopleRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory By Clifford Shaw And Henry D. Mckay1056 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Disorganization Social disorganization theory explains the ecological difference in levels of crime, simply based on cultural and structural factors that influence the social order in a given community. Social disorganization is triggered by poverty, social stability, ethnic heterogeneity, and a few key elements. Although Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay (1942), were known for social disorganization theory, in 1947 Edwin Sutherland introduced the notion of a ecological differences in crimeRead MoreQuestioning The Disorderly1484 Words   |  6 PagesQuestioning the Disorderly Each year, 5000 LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning) youth end their lives because they don’t have the acceptance they deserve. The LGBTQ+ community faces more discrimination, such as hate crimes, bullying and unnecessary judgement, than the average straight or cis-gender person, making it more difficult to cope with mental illness and achieve the American Dream. The American Dream is slightly tainted for those in the LGBTQ+ community, and sufferingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Juvenile Justice Summary1582 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst claim, in which she states that the system is inhumane. That stands for â€Å"Without compassion for misery and suffering; cruel.† She carries reasons why the juvenile justice system is cruel. The first example shows what occurs in the situations youth offenders end up in a detention facility. Maria Medina states â€Å"They spend more than 22 hours in solitary with nothing but a book or a Bible, and if lucky s tudy materials.† Medina uses the rhetorical device pathos in order to create an emotional connectionRead MoreCRJ 180 WEEK SEVEN Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesFLORIDA Hillsborough County in the state of Florida initiated a program called the Juvenile Arrest Avoidance Program or JAAP in August of 2010. The the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) was also implemented to provide at-risk youths the greatest opportunity to mature into responsible, law-abiding adults. Although there is more than one goal for the purpose of each program, the main purpose of JAAP is to keep first-time juvenile offenders out of Hillsborough Countys criminal

Essay on Aquinas Fifth Way Of Proving - 1134 Words

Aquinas Fifth Way of proving the existence of God Question:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Briefly summarize Aquinas’ Fifth Way of proving the existence of God. What counter-argument does Hume cite in answer to this argument from Design? What is John Hick’s answer to Hume’s argument from Evil? Is he right? Thomas Aquinas theorized five different logical arguments to prove the existence of God utilizing scientific hypotheses and basic assumptions of nature. In the fifth of his famous â€Å"Five Ways†, Aquinas sets forth the assumption that all natural bodies move toward an end. Since bodies are constantly moving in the best way possible to achieve that end, the path must be designed. God, of course, is the ultimate designer of the universe.†¦show more content†¦Further, even if we do experience great ecstasy and pleasure, it is often a fleeting moment until out muscles relax or until our hunger is nourished or the like. Even the greatest men in history with unbelievable riches and power have small amounts of happiness compared to the pain it took to achieve such riches and power, Hume explains. A modern day example of such a man might be President William J. Clinton. President Clinton is arguably the most powerful man in the modern world with a large home, bank account, an extensive education, a closely knit family and countless friends and colleagues. On the other hand, to gain these things he has been the center of sexual scandal subject to embarrassing public scrutinies into his personal affairs. Further, he himself has inflicted much disappointment, pain and suffering on his loved ones. One would guess he is not a happy man. Hume summarizes that if God is omniscient than He knows everything and so He surely knows about the existence of human suffering and pain. Further, if God is omnipotent, then He has the power to end human misery and suffering. Lastly, if God is also benevolent, than how could He know about our pain, be able to stop it, and choose not to do so? How could He let young infants die in fires, allow menShow MoreRelatedThe Five Ways Of Proving God s Existence790 Words   |  4 PagesEdward Tajchman Intro to Philosophy 29 October 2014 Reflections on The Essay, The Five Ways of Proving God s Existence, by Thomas Aquinas Aquinas proposes that there are five ways of proving the existence of god. The first way is motion. Things in motion are not put in motion of their own accord, so they must have been put in motion by another force. This takes a thing from potentiality into the realm of actuality. Because this thing cannot be the mover and also the thing being moved, another forceRead More Thomas Aquinas Work to Prove the Existence of God Essays1013 Words   |  5 PagesBeing a devout Christian, Thomas Aquinas naturally believed in God, but he wanted to prove Gods existence to those who could not accept things on faith alone. As a result he made five proofs, which he claims, prove the existence of God. With each proof there is always a beginning, a starting point, Aquinas claims it must be God that is the beginning of each. The first proof does not do complete justice to Aquinas’s claim that God exist, while the fifth proof could be used alone to prove Gods existenceRead MoreThe Five Ways Of The Existence Of God1557 Words   |  7 PagesThis short paper will analyze â€Å"The Five Ways†, from Summa Theologica, by Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). We cannot prove that God exists, merely by considering the word God, for that strategy work, we would have to presume to know God s essence. According to Aquinas, the existence of God can be proved. This paper will discuss what each of the five ways are that Thomas Aquinas introduced to show the existence of God. The Argument from Change: To begin with, one way to prove that God exists is to contemplateRead MoreBombardier Aerospace: An Overview1590 Words   |  6 Pageswith which people attempt to prove His existence varying in significant (and sometimes contrasting) ways. Although there have been myriad methods for proving Gods existence, a central dispute concerns whether or not to use a rational approach or a more Biblically-grounded approach. This paper examines three theories that are germane to the rational approach the Five Proofs issued by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica, the central premise of St. Anselms Proslogion, and Augustines premise fromRead MoreAnselm And Aquinas On How God Exists1277 Words   |  6 Pageswhile reading Anselm and Aquinas’ views on how God exists, these important philosophers spent much of their time looking and searching for the idea that God actually exists. Therefore, of course there would be some mishaps along the way and people would try to argue against their idea of God’s existence. In this paper will be explained the proof of God and of course some objections against them that will make you wonder. With Anselm s ontological argument and Aquinas’ ways, we can use that to helpRead MoreThe Five Ways By St. Thomas Aquinas996 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries The Five Ways, drawn from St. Thomas Aquinas’s Summa Theologica have been studied, scrutinized, and at the epicenter of heated debate. When St. Thomas wrote this section of his ground breaking essay what he ultimately was claiming, was that through philosophy and observation, there is a way to see how the natural world points to there in fact being a God. Although to some it may seem absurd, modern day science based upon observation and experimentation, does not completely discreditRead MoreDoes God Exist1483 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding examples from life and the movies we watched in class. St. Thomas Aquinas had many arguments for the existence of God and one of those was the fifth way. In the argument of the fifth way Aquinas says â€Å"The fifth way is taken from the governance of the world. We see that things which lack knowledge, such as natural bodies, act for an end, and this is evident from their acting always, or nearly always, in the same way, so as to obtain the best result. Hence it is plain that they achieve theirRead More The Existence Of God Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding the concept of what a God is, you are proving his existence. This is because if you understand who God is, you can also accept his existence, and therefore cannot conceive that he does not exist. Therefore making him that which nothing greater can be conceived of, and which cannot be conceived not to exist which we have already defined as God. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The second argument for a God comes from St. Tomas Aquinas, who argues for the cosmological point of view. TheRead MoreOntological Arguments for the Existence of God Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesIn the fifth Meditation, Descartes presents his second argument for the existence of God. Descartes holds that existence is perfection and so, it can be a predicate for God. I will first explain what is the ontological argument for the existence of God. Next, I will discuss why Descartes decides to bring God into His method of philosophy. I will then try to argue that existence is a perfection and that as a predicate for God, existence reveal certain true about God. Ontological argument tries toRead MoreExplain the Teleological Arguments for the Existence of God Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesit is completely rational. Nevertheless, one may argue that if we are to believe in God, nothing is coincidental, but predestined by divinity; proving the teleological argument to be logical. Plato, Paley and Hume all forwarded arguments for design. Firstly, Plato said that mind orders all things; this is shown through the fifth of Aquinas’ five ways. An analogy was made between the universe and a man-made machine; Paley used this through his philosophy of the watch. He claimed that anyone finding

Short Biography Bartolome Esteban Murillo Free Essays

Spanish Painter, Bartholomew Eastman Muriel Bartholomew Eastern Muriel. Self-portrait. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Biography: Bartolome Esteban Murillo or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1672-75. 011 on canvas, National Gallery in London I-J. Bartholomew Eastman Muriel was born December 31 1967, he was born Into Christianity he was baptized on January 1, 1618 In Seville Spain. Muriel was the son of Marl Peres, his mother and Gasper Eastern his father who was a barber and surgeon In Seville Spain, Muriel had 13 siblings and he was the youngest one of them all. Muriel was eventually adopted by his relatives because he was not able to provide for himself when his parent’s died unlike his older siblings, at the age of level his uncle J. A. Lagers a barber who was married had adopted him. Within a year of living with his uncle, Muriel soon became an apprentice for another relative named Juan Del Castillo. Juan was considered a mediocre painter but a great teacher, they painted paintings for a living and sold them at local fairs and sometimes even sent off to be traded into America. While being under the study of Juan his relative he learned about Flemish Painting, which was a technique used in the 20th century on paintings, they applied layers of a substance that kept the image fresh for years. When Muriel turned 17 he was working independently painting small, religious compositions for the Latin American market, continuing the selling techniques taught to him when he was young. He then started to create a name for himself, selling his paintings at these markets or fairs. Muriel went to the school of Antwerp where he learned how to be more of an advance painter; they mainly learned Baroque paintings that he continued to carry on threw out his art career. During the time he was an apprentice for his relative and attending school, he found interest in other forms of art and artist that inspired him o be more creative and diverse in his paintings. In 1940 Muriel moved to Cadis, he then became Van Dyke’s pupil, learning and studying Van Dyke’s work he gained an Interest in studying other masters of art. Muriel set out to travel to study other great masters of art, he found himself involved with the kings painter Velasquez, during his stay there of three years he studied the masterpieces of Titian, Everyone, Tinderbox, and Rueben. In 1645 Muriel moved back to Seville, this Is where the beginning of his career really started. During the year 1 645 he got married to Beaters De Caber y Estimator, during his year he also accomplished 1 1 great masterpieces for the Franciscan monastery In Seville. Because of his 11 paintings he became well known and recognized for his religious paintings, most paintings would be of, Jesus, Vulgar Marry, birth of Christ, Angels, the healing pool, and a few paintings of his family and paintings of the poor In Seville. When he had painted these paintings for the Franciscan, It generated more work for him at cathedrals, churches, hospital, and for private Individuals. Eventually became President of the academy. By 1665 Muriel had enrolled into the Brotherhood Of Charity, by this time Muriel had nine children and only five of them continued in his religious paths. During this time he was enrolled into the Brotherhood, he really flourished and became active in his pieces of art, he had received several demented Jobs and requests, one of them was the infamous painting of the Santa Maria la Blanch which was completed in 1665 and many other commissioned works as well. By this time in his life he had worked nearly 50 years to become one of the most famous Spanish Braque’s Painters in the 20th century, it was unfortunate for many when he passed away on April 3 1682. Little did Muriel know that on April 3 1682 while he was working in the Capuchin church of Cadis, that he was going to fall off of a scaffold which lead to sever and permanent injuries that would put him to rest a year later in Seville. A couple of his most inspiring pieces are the Christ Healing the Paralytic at The Pool of Bethesda and The Protestant Son. The fist image that is very religious and comes from a piece of the bible is Christ Healing the Paralytic at The Pool of Bethesda; it resides in the National Gallery in London. Muriel painted this original painting between 1667 to 1670 unfortunately nice Muriel rarely dated his artwork, actual dates on most pieces is unknown. Christ Healing the Paralytic is Oil on canvas and its dimensions are 237 by 261 centimeter. The painting is presented in the National Gallery of Arts in memory of W. Graham Robertson in 1950. Muriel had painted this originally for the church belonging to the hospital of the Cardiac in Seville, which Muriel happened to be apart of this Brotherhood, which aided in the sick and poor of his native city Seville. The painting represents a piece from the bible, a very strong passage, which is well known in the Christian religion. It is from the New Testament John 5, in the passage it states: † In these lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of blind, halt, withered, waiting for the moving of the water. For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had. When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been now a long time in that case, he swath unto him, Wilt thou be made whole? The impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pool: but while I am coming, another steepest down fore me. Jesus swath unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk. And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and walked: and on the same day was the Sabbath. † This is what Muriel had painted the image from those exact words above! So strong, detailed, full of background and foreground; he has made a masterpiece that tells an amazing story. Therefore no explanation is really needed which makes this painting so historic, life like and unique. The image to the left is the image of Christ Healing the Paralytic at The Pool of Bethesda. It is kept at the National Art Gallery in London. As you look into the aground of this beautiful painting you can see many things. On the very top there blue sky threw them. Right in the middle of the clouds off to the right there is a small figure in white, with a yellow glow surrounding it, presumably an angel coming from heaven. As you look below the angel you see the structure of the building. Then as you look towards the middle of the background you can see giant pillars, creating high archways and you can faintly see people walking around. In the Middle of the image you see part of a light blue pool right in the middle. As you look more up front from the pool you see what appears to me some sort of encounter gazebos with two tall skinny pillars and some people laying on the ground right on the steps. As you look to the left you can see a person propped up on his elbow, speaking to a man bent over and is engaged in a conversation. The foreground of the image is three men off to the far left both wearing black shirts, one is wearing a red robe while the other is wearing a yellow robe, standing barely in front of them is Jesus wearing a light purple long sleeved gown with a dark green robe, he is reaching his hand out to a man on the ground. This man appears very ill, skin to the bones and bed ridden, as items lay close. His arms are spread off to each side fingers spread apart, he is facing up looking at Jesus and his mouth is open as he must be saying something to him. To the far right of this man there is the front part of a brown and white dog that is sniffing at the ground. This image shows so much if you look closely at it, it is a brilliant masterpiece and is definitely one of a kind, and so beautiful that it captivates and draws you in with ease. Another great painting my Muriel is called the return of The Prodigal Son, created between 1667 to 1670. It was painted on a canvas with oils, the dimensions of the canvas are 236. By 261 centimeters, and it was a gift from the Valor Foundation to the National Gallery of Ireland in the city of Dublin. Muriel was originally commissioned by a church to make this painting for the Hospital De la Cardiac, this painting and others Muriel was commissioned to make for the Hospital and the Church. This painting was one of a whole series on The Prodigal Son and even made a final painting to this series called the Return of The Prodigal Son that is located at The National Gallery of Washington. The series ranged from the birth, to feasting with The Prodigal Son and more, although this is the one that started the series. The original painting of The Prodigal Son was also generated from the bible as well as most of his biblical pieces of art. The story behind this painting is as follows, as Renee Dwell mentioned in her article: â€Å"There was a man who had two sons. The younger one said to his father, father let me have the share of the estate that will come to me. So the father divided the property between them. A few days later, the younger son got together everything he had and left for a distant country where he squandered his money on a life of debauchery. He soon came home to his father and said, I have sinned against heaven ND against you; I no longer deserve to be called your son; treat me as one of your hired men. † So he left the place and went back to his father. While he was still a long way off, his father saw him and was moved with pity. He ran to the boy, clasped him in his arms and kissed him. Then his son said, â€Å"Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you. I no longer deserve to be called your son. † But the father said to his and sandals on his feet. Bring the calf we have been fattening, and kill it; we will celebrate by having a feast. Because this son of mine was dead and has come back to fife; he was lost and is found† (1). The story is as entertaining as the painting to the left called The Protestant Son, created around the 1670, is filled with emotions, forgiveness, begging, hope, anger, joy, and worry. As you look in the background you see the sky with dark and light fluffy clouds on the top of the painting. To the right is the beginning of a tall building, as the structure appears to be in the middle of the painting, you see some buildings and possible tress fading if as it disappears into the distance. In the middle of the image to the left there is a man holding an ax with a boy leading a cow, they are align away looking behind them to watch the commotion. To the right there are four adults all dressed nice, they appear to be all females. In the foreground of the image there is a woman in a yellow dress, standing there silently holding a vibrant, elegant robe. In the middle of the foreground you see the father wearing a large droopy red robe hunched over wrapping his arms around his son to embrace him close. His son has fallen to his knees looking up at his father, wearing torn and ragged clothes and rather thin looking, falling into his fathers arms as a small white dog Jumps on his leg. It appears they are standing on a step of some sort; their bodies are in the formation of a triangle, becoming the main focal point of the painting. This painting has so much to say if you look at the body language of everyone and the facial expressions. This artist Muriel was chosen as a topic for this paper, because his work was once famous in the 20 centuries and over time has been forgotten. Muriel has tons of beautiful, individual paintings that most of us never knew existed. Once this image was stumbled upon a couple of weeks ago, the beauty, artistry, realism, naturalistic goings, and even the reality of what life was like in Seville captivated me and hopefully it will captivate you as well. It is important to not forget those who inspire us, as they help us make our own creations. How to cite Short Biography: Bartolome Esteban Murillo, Papers

From Meta-Ethics to Ethics

Questions: 1. Use of theories for determination of moral status of fetus? 2. Influence of the theory on the recommendations? 3. Evaluation of the preferred theory? Answers: 1. Use of theories for determination of moral status of fetus In present disability context of the unborn fetus, Jessica and Marco, the parents of the fetus are using the positive moral choice theory and the Utilitarianism theory in their decision of aborting the fetus (Kalokairinou, 2012). In case of Dr. Wilson, the use of Fetishizing disability theory has been used. As per the medical ethics, respecting the right of disability does not necessarily mean that the individuals should honor and celebrate disability itself. However, Aunt Maria, who is an aged person, uses the Traditional or Natural law where as per the Catholic ethics; abortion in any situation in considered to be an evil act. 2. Influence of the theory on the recommendations The decision of Jessica and Marco are taken from the standpoint of economic, emotional and scientific prospect. The doctor is also right from his own perspective because as per the Utilitarian theory an individual should have freedom and right over the body and mind. However, in case of an unborn fetus this decision rests upon the parents of the fetus (Emiri, 2012). Thus, medical science expects that the parents of the disabled fetus will make a rational decision. 3. Evaluation of the preferred theory Considering all three situations, it may be suggested that the Utilitarian theory is preferred over the other theories. This theory supports the facts that abortion of a disabled fetus because of future financial pressures, family member needs and uncertain future of the child is a rational and valid decision and concerns no act of evil or immorality. Thus, the view of the doctor is valid in this respect (Bailey, 2012). Within the emotional turmoil, Jessica is also considering the similar option, which may suggest that the decision of Jessica is also valid. Further As per the Parental Interest Argument, the parents and especially the mother had the right to abort a disabled child because the strain of caring for a disabled child will be a major responsibility for the mother solely (Lysaught, 2012). Thus, this act states that although abortion is undesirable however, the act is permissible in special cases. Thus, it may be agreed that the view of the doctor and the parents are suitabl e in the present situation. References Bailey, J. (2012).Abortion. New York: Rosen Central. Emiri, F. (2012).Medical law and ethics in Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria: Malthouse Press. Kalokairinou, E. (2012).From Meta-Ethics to Ethics. Frankfurt: Lang, Peter, GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. Lysaught, M. (2012).On moral medicine. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.

Media Laws and Ethics for Online Journalism - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMedia Laws and Ethics for Online Journalism. Answer: In the essay, the media laws and ethics that govern the social media are studied in the light of Immanuel Kants philosophy as presented in his book The Critique of Pure Reason. Immanuel Kant in his book pointed out a number of laws and customs and their effect on changes in social behavior and customs. The Media laws and ethics are a set of rules and laws governing the modern media and the society (Christians et al. 2015). Considering the rise in the importance of media as a medium of communication with the society the set of laws are considered extremely important to govern its operations. In the essay, the implications of the working of the media laws in purview of Kants categorical imperatives are studies in detail. The laws of categorical imperatives as put forward by Kant are based on a set of maxims or a set of rules, which are supposed to be followed based on the social norms (Kant 2014). Kants laws of the categorical imperatives are extremely important in setting a set of laws, which govern the morals of the media without causing any social harm. Kants philosophy says that the social customs are changing with time according to the social acceptance of the changes. They are considered positive or negative depending on the maxims or the acceptable moral behavior of the society (Murphy 2015). The media ethics and laws are supposed to be followed by people working in the field of Media to govern the information, which are being imparted to people. The categorical imperatives suggest that the moral of a person working within the society should subscribe to societal norms. In case of media, the media should keep in mind that the information it provides is far reaching and considered a credible so urce of information (Perse and Lambe 2016). It should not provide the any information harming the social position of the person or the hurting the sentiment of the society or a group of people without any proper proof supporting the claim. According to the Kantian philosophy, the people in the media should treat the audience considering themselves a part of the audience and be honest to their job (Friend and Singer 2015). The media laws are set such that while giving information they are not biased and they should just give open-ended information and not pass the judgment regarding the issue. Moreover, the information should not invade or hamper anyones privacy or hamper any ones fundamental rights in any way. The categorical imperative suggests that there should be no exception to the set of rules that are to be followed by a media person. If a person chooses to against the rule it is supposed to become a norm in due time. Such norms when they are negative do harm to the society. The changes in the media today do not subscribe to the concept of ethical media. The media has become more of an entertainment media than an informative media. Kant presumed the power of the media and in his book suggested that the media should be kept away from bureaucracy (Allen and Hindman 2014). The Kantian philosophy of the social acceptance of the changes in the society helps in understanding the norms of the behavioral pattern of the society. The modern media has become the entertainer rather than the mirror of the society. This has taken place because of the norm shifting due to shift in the role of the certain organizations that focused on succeeding through unethical effort (Moreno et al. 2015). The success of this form of media caused a change in the paradigm overall media due to competition. The concept of the Political alignment of news channels is another example of this concept of Kantian Philosophy where the norm was against the social ethics. The present norm making fun of people, body types and ethnicities is against the ethics of the media. The constant increase in this media is an example of the categorical imperative, which do not follow the maxims (Nyholm 2015). The categorical imperative is of the media takes into purview the laws governing the media as well the rights of the Society. The media laws allows the freedom of the speech but it also forfeits it from revealing personal information without prior person and not make personal comments about the topic. The law of the states also assigns the people with a set of fundamental right, which the media should not be curbed by the media. The media should be a profitable business as it causes a discrepancy and use unlawful measures for the profits. The work of Kant helps in understanding how media being the far reaching and a credible form of communication should perform its duties ethically for the society to perform functionally. The media today is responsible for the changes in trends in the society. Mostly the people see what the media as an acceptable behavior show and the changes in the society occur accordingly. As Kants categorical imperative, theory suggests, with time the behavior of a single individual becomes the norm of the society. The society might any negative behavior promoted by media affecting the society negatively (Valenzuela 2013). Similarly, any news shown by the media is considered credible by the sources and has effect on the audience so the media should not misinform without assessing the results. One of the considerable examples is the Jafr alien invasion report, which caused mass hysteria (News.bbc.co.uk, 2017). It was an April fools joke but the example shows the effect the media has on the lifestyl es and habits of the people. The media should understand its social responsibility and should not misuse its power. The importance of the media and the laws being followed by the media is easily understood. In the future number of steps should be taken to make the media perfect. Firstly, it should operate under the principles of categorical imperative following its maxims without any exception. The norms help in curtailing the media from misusing its rights of freedom of speech. Moreover, a universal code of conduct for the media should be made allowing it certain freedoms and curtailing some so that there are no go around ways for doing something illegal according to the social norms. The working of the media houses should be kept from any economic influence. The media should be a profitable venture but it should not run with the aim of profit. The economy of the media houses should be kept from influencing its functional roles in the society. In the future, the media should adapt itself and merge with the society. The social implications of the media houses should meet the social norms of the so ciety it functions in and the media houses should follow the ethics and norms of the society for proper functioning. Therefore, in the essay, the different philosophies of the working of the media and the ethical issues are brought forward. The media in the present society and is a strong determinant of the growth and development of the society. It is necessary for the media to keep itself in strict supervision to follow the norms of the society and be ethical in providing information. Kants categorical imperative system is the determinant benchmark for the ethical changes being caused in the society due to any external changes. Based on the moral of the change according to the accepted maxim the behavior is taken as positive or negative. The positive changes should be accepted while the media to curtail their far-reaching effects should overlook the negative changes. The media laws should be stringent to make the sure the laws are being followed. References Allen, D.S. and Hindman, E.B., 2014. The media and democracy: Using democratic theory in journalism ethics.Wyatt, The Ethics of Journalism, pp.185-203. Christians, C.G., Fackler, M., Richardson, K., Kreshel, P. and Woods, R.H., 2015.Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning. Routledge. Friend, C. and Singer, J., 2015.Online journalism ethics: Traditions and transitions. Routledge. Kant, I., 2014. The Good Will and the Categorical Imperative.The Ethical Life: Fundamental Readings in Ethics and Moral Problems, pp.87-99. Moreno, A., Navarro, C., Tench, R. and Zerfass, A., 2015. Does social media usage matter? An analysis of online practices and digital media perceptions of communication practitioners in Europe.Public Relations Review,41(2), pp.242-253. Murphy, K.C., 2015.Ethical crisis communication on social media: Combining situational crisis communication theory, stakeholder theory, Kant's categorical imperatives(Doctoral dissertation, Gonzaga University). News.bbc.co.uk. 2017.BBC News - 'Alien invasion' April Fools' story angers Jordan mayor. [online] Available at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8604122.stm [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Nyholm, S., 2015. Kant's Universal Law Formula Revisited.Metaphilosophy,46(2), pp.280-299. Perse, E.M. and Lambe, J., 2016.Media effects and society. Routledge. Valenzuela, S., 2013. Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of information, opinion expression, and activism.American Behavioral Scientist,57(7), pp.920-942.

Memory Essays (1672 words) - Neuroscience, Psychiatry,

Memory Kristine Thornton Southern Technical College Dr. Andrea Goldstein You never forget how to ride a bicycle - and now a University of Aberdeen led team of neuroscientists has discovered why. Their research, published this month in Nature Neuroscience, has identified a key nerve cell in the brain that controls the formation of memories for motor skills such as riding a bicycle, skiing or eating with chop sticks. When one acquires a new skill like riding a bicycle, the cerebellum is the part of the brain needed to learn the coordinated movement. The research team, which includes scientists from the Universities of Aberdeen, Rotterdam, London, Turin and New York, has been working to understand the connections between nerve cells in the cerebellum that enable learning. They discovered that one particular type of nerve cell -the so called molecular layer interneuron - acts as a "gatekeeper", controlling the electrical signals that leave the cerebellum. Molecular layer interneurons transform the electrical signals into a language that can be laid down as a memory in other parts of the brain. Dr . Peer Wulff , who led the research in Aberdeen together with Prof. Bill Wisden at the University's Institute of Medical Sciences, said: "What we were interested in was finding out how memories are encoded in the brain. We found that there is a cell which structures the signal output from the cerebellum into a particular code that is engraved as memory for a newly learned motor skill ( Staff, S. X. (2009, July 17). Scientists discover why we never forget how to ride a bicycle. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://medicalxpress.com/news/2009-07-scientists-bicycle.html) ." One advertising strategy is to target consumers with promotions that capitalize on social identity. The idea is that you will prefer a product that is pitched to your identity. No doubt you have seen the TV ads on reverse mortgages, where a clearly older celebrity makes the pitch. You are supposed to be persuaded by the ad because you can identify with such a person. He's a senior, you're a senior. He's a star, and you can imagine how great it might feel if you were one. In other words, your personal identity is wrapped up in how responsive you are to a given ad. This same principle is at work in ads that use beautiful models to sell clothes and star athletes to sell athletic gear. Social identity can be threatened when the ad presents events, information, or choices in a way that is inconsistent or negative. A senior, for example, would not be persuaded to consider reverse mortgages if the salesman was a young and gorgeous female model. Recent studies show t hese kinds of cognitive disconnect interfere with how consumers encode and remember advertising messages. Advertisers certainly don't want to create identity-threat ads because consumers will be automatica lly motivated to forget the ads ( Klemm , W. R., PhD. (2014, February 21). How Advertisers Get You to Remember Ads | Psychology Today. Retrieved October 22, 2016, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/memory-medic/201402/how-advertisers-get-you-remember-ads ). Science tells us not to rely on eyewitness accounts. Eyewitness memory is fickle, and all too often, shockingly inaccurate. In 1984 Kirk Bloodsworth was convicted of the rape and murder of a nine-year-old girl and sentenced to the gas chamberan outcome that rested largely on the testimony of five eyewitnesses. After Bloodsworth served nine years in prison, DNA testing proved him to be innocent. Such devastating mistakes by eyewitnesses are not rare, according to a report by the Innocence Project, an organization affiliated with the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University that uses DNA testing to exonerate those wrongfully convicted of crimes. The uncritical acceptance of eyewitness accounts may stem from a popular misconception of how memory works. Many people believe that human memory works like a video recorder: the mind records events and then, on cue, plays back an exact replica of them. On the contrary, psychologists have found that me mories are reconstructed rather than played back each time we recall them. The act of remembering, says eminent memory researcher and psychologist Elizabeth F. Loftus of the University of California, Irvine, is "more akin to putting puzzle pieces together than retrieving a video

An Interview with Jennifer South WWOR-TV free essay sample

This paper discusses network television advertising with reference to an in depth interview with Ms. South,a former sales executive at WWOR-TV UPN 9. The paper examines network television advertising, focusing specifically on United Paramount Network, their guidelines on clearance and affiliate compensation, pricing, block programming, CPMS and Avails. Ms. South explains the differences between front, scattered, and spot buys as well as the definition of the terms: coverage area, day parts, preemption rates and station contract. From the paper: ?The first step in getting your advertisement placed on UPN is garnering clearance for your ad. If your ad isn?t approved by the network it won?t air.?, Ms. South stipulates. ?To avoid expensive editing costs you shouldn?t even make the commercial unless prior approval has been received for the commercial at the script and storyboard level.? During the clearance phase all claims espoused in the commercial must be documented. We will write a custom essay sample on An Interview with Jennifer South WWOR-TV or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Financial Analysis of Microsoft Corporation The WritePass Journal

Financial Analysis of Microsoft Corporation Financial Analysis of Microsoft Corporation IntroductionBACKGROUND OF MICROSOFTDESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF MICROSOFT’ PERFORMANCE OVERTIME  Balance sheet for Microsoft Corporation as at 30th June 2011. (Annually)COMPARISON OF MOCROSOFT PERFORMANCE WITH SP 500 (MARKET) USING T-TESTConclusion:ANALYSIS OF MICROSOFT PERFORMANCE WITH CAPMBIBLIOGRAPHYRelated Introduction BACKGROUND OF MICROSOFT Microsoft is the most prominent technology corporation in the world that deals with computers according to posts from big history.net. ’’ With annual revenues of more than $32 billion, Microsoft Corporation is more than the largest software company in the world: it is a cultural phenomenon. The companys core business is based on developing, manufacturing, and licensing software products, including operating systems, server applications, business and consumer applications, and software development tools, as well as Internet software, technologies, and services’’. fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Microsoft-Corporation-Company-History.html ‘’The name of the famous person – Bill Gates comes in one’s mind with mention of   the name of Microsoft. He is the founder of the company and is believed to be the smartest programmers ever.’’ bighistory.net/microsoft-a-short-history/. Led by him, Microsoft had witnessed its heydays and has been able to have its product on almost every personal computer in the world, and in the process creating standards in the technology industry as well as market re-definition. ‘’Gates was first exposed to computers at school in the late 1960s with his friend Paul Allen, the son of two Seattle librarians. By the time Gates was 14; the two friends were writing and testing computer programs for fun and profit. In 1972 they established their first company, Traf-O-Data, which sold a rudimentary computer that recorded and analyzed traffic data. Allen went on to study computer science at the University of Washington and then dropped out to work at Honeywell, while Gates enrolled at Harvard. Inspired in 1975 by an issue of Popular Electronics that showed the new Altair microcomputer kit just released by MITS Computer, Gates and Allen wrote a version of BASIC for the machine. Later that year Gates left college to work full time developing programming languages for the Altair, and he and Allen relocated to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to be near MITS Computer, where Allen took a position as director of software development. Gates and Allen named their partn ership Micro-soft’’. fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Microsoft-Corporation-Company-History.html. The word Microsoft was developed from two different words, micro from microcomputer and soft from software. The name was registered in New Mexico with the secretary of state in November 1976. On November 1978, the first international office of Microsoft was established in Japan and its name was ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). It is now known as Microsoft Japan. In January 1979 the company’s headquarters was moved to Bellevue Washington. bighistory.net/microsoft-a-short-history/. In the early 80’s, Microsoft witnessed a period of great success when IBM contracted the company to develop an operating system for its personal computers (PC), which was underway. In the late 80’s Microsoft issued IPOs (initial public offering) of over two million shares and in the space of one year the price or the shares tripled and in the process making Gates a billionaire at about thirty years of age. Nonetheless, the company had lots of critics and legal cases against it from competitors and the likes. Microsoft success was further heightened by the tech bubble of the 2000 following the release of the windows XP, windows 2000,the acquisition of Visio corporation which stood as the largest acquisition in the life of Microsoft so far   with transaction value of about One and half a billion dollars. The company also spread its tentacles into the world of gaming with their popularly known X-BOX which has remained a success till date. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF MICROSOFT’ PERFORMANCE OVERTIME   Key Dates: 1975: Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen; they sell BASIC, the first PC computer language program to MITS Computer, Microsofts first customer. 1981: Microsoft, Inc. is incorporated; IBM uses Microsofts 16-bit operating system for its first personal computer. 1982: Microsoft, U.K., Ltd. is incorporated. 1983: Paul Allen resigns as executive vice-president but remains on the board; Jon Shirley is made president of Microsoft (he later becomes CEO); Microsoft introduces the Microsoft Mouse and Word for MS-DOS 1.00. 1985: Microsoft and IBM forge a joint development agreement. 1986: Microsoft stock goes public at $21 per share. 1987: The Company’s first CD-ROM application, Microsoft Bookshelf, is released. 1990: Jon Shirley retires as president and CEO; Michael R. Hallman is promoted in Shirleys place; the company becomes the first PC software firm to surpass $1 billion of sales in a single year. 1992: Bill Gates is awarded the National Medal of Technology for Technological Achievement. 1993: The Company introduces Windows NT. 1995: Bill Gates publishes his first book, The Road Ahead. 1996: The Company acquires Vermeer Technologies and its software application, FrontPage. 1997: The Justice Department alleges that Microsoft violated a 1994 consent decree concerning licensing the Windows operating system to computer manufacturers. 1998: The U.S. Department of Justice files two antitrust cases against Microsoft, alleging the company had violated the Sherman Act. 2000: The Company acquires Visio Corporation, its largest acquisition to date. 2001: Microsoft Windows XP is released internationally. 2003: Microsoft launches Windows Server 2003. 2007: Microsoft launches Windows vista 2009: Microsoft launches windows 7 Source: fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Microsoft-Corporation-Company-History.html Balance sheet for Microsoft Corporation as at 30th June 2011. (Annually) Assets [+] in Millions of Dollars 06/2010 06/2009 06/2008 06/2007 06/2006 Cash and Equivalents 5,505 6,076 10,339 6,111 6,714 Restrictable Cash Marketable Securities 31,283 25,371 13,323 17,300 27,447 Accounts Receivable 13,014 11,192 13,589 11,338 9,316 Loans Receivable Other Receivables Receivables 13,014 11,192 13,589 11,338 9,316 Inventories, Raw Materials 172 170 417 435 465 Inventories, Work in Progress 16 45 31 148 Inventories, Purchased Components Inventories, Finished Goods 552 502 537 544 1,013 Inventories, Other Inventories, Adjustments Allowances Inventories 740 717 985 1,127 1,478 Prepaid Expenses Current Deferred Income Taxes 2,184 2,213 2,017 1,899 1,940 Other Current Assets 2,950 3,711 2,989 2,393 2,115 Total Current Assets 55,676 49,280 43,242 40,168 49,010 Land and Improvements 526 526 518 428 362 Buildings and Improvement 8,187 7,824 6,030 4,247 3,146 Machinery, Furniture and Equipment 7,546 6,732 5,996 4,691 3,715 Construction in Progress Fixed Assets, Other Fixed Assets, Total 16,259 15,082 12,544 9,366 7,223 Gross Fixed Assets 16,259 15,082 12,544 9,366 7,223 Accumulated Depreciation (8,629) (7,547) (6,302) (5,016) (4,179) Net Fixed Assets 7,630 7,535 6,242 4,350 3,044 Intangibles 1,158 1,759 1,973 878 539 Cost in Excess 12,394 12,503 12,108 4,760 3,866 Non-Current Deferred Income Taxes 279 949 1,389 2,611 Other Non-Current Assets 9,255 6,532 8,279 11,626 10,527 Total Non-Current Assets 30,437 28,608 29,551 23,003 20,587 Total Assets 86,113 77,888 72,793 63,171 69,597 Liabilities [+] in Millions of Dollars 06/2010 06/2009 06/2008 06/2007 06/2006 Accounts Payable 4,207 5,008 4,034 3,247 2,909 Short Term Debt 1,000 2,000 Notes Payable Accrued Expenses Accrued Liabilities 3,283 3,156 2,934 2,325 1,938 Deferred Revenues 13,652 13,003 13,397 10,779 9,138 Current Deferred Income Taxes 1,557 Other Current Liabilities 4,005 3,867 9,521 7,403 6,900 Total Current Liabilities 26,147 27,034 29,886 23,754 22,442 Long Term Debt 4,939 3,746 Deferred Income Tax 229 Other Non-Current Liabilities 8,623 7,550 6,621 8,320 7,051 Minority Interest Capital Lease Obligations Preferred Securities of Subsidiary Trust Preferred Equity Outside Shareholders Equity Total Non-Current Liabilities 13,791 11,296 6,621 8,320 7,051 Total Liabilities 39,938 38,330 36,507 32,074 29,493 Preferred Shareholders Equity Common Shareholders Equity 46,175 39,558 36,286 31,097 40,104 Common Par 62,856 62,382 62,849 Additional Paid in Capital 60,557 59,005 Cumulative Translation Adjustments 149 Retained Earnings (16,681) (22,824) (26,563) (31,114) (20,130) Treasury Stock Other Equity Adjustments 1,505 1,229 Total Capitalization 51,114 43,304 36,286 31,097 40,104 Total Equity 46,175 39,558 36,286 31,097 40,104 Total Liabilities Shareholders Equity 86,113 77,888 72,793 63,171 69 Closing price =$25.51 Volume sold =25.16m Source:answers.com/main/dsdata?dsid=2940templateid=0cid=27590212qm_page=30703. [Accessed 4 April 2011]. With more descriptive statistics, we can also examine the performance of Microsoft on a monthly basis from the year 1988- 2009 using returns (unit%) See excel for descriptive statistics. Microsoft return (unit %) Market return (unit %) Mean 0.021622876 Mean 0.857870722 Standard Error 0.00618845 Standard Error 0.269942879 Median 0.022084196 Median 1.41 Mode 0.064221396 Mode 1.78 Standard Deviation 0.100359793 Standard Deviation 4.377737838 Sample Variance 0.010072088 Sample Variance 19.16458858 Kurtosis 1.421423202 Kurtosis 1.709578314 Skewness 0.366537791 Skewness -0.812673531 Range 0.751310392 Range 29.51 Minimum -0.343529412 Minimum -18.46 Maximum 0.40778098 Maximum 11.05 Sum 5.686816298 Sum 225.62 Count 263 Count 263 From the descriptive statistics above, Microsoft has a positive skewness unlike the market whose skewness is negative, this indicates that Microsoft has a better flow or return than the market. It could also be noted that Microsoft is (1) standard deviation away from its mean whereas the market is (4) standard deviation away from its mean, this means that the returns of Microsoft had not been too volatile over the years and return on stocks are less risky. COMPARISON OF MOCROSOFT PERFORMANCE WITH SP 500 (MARKET) USING T-TEST See t-test on Excel   Ã‚  Ã‚   H0: Microsoft did not outperform the market   Ã‚  Ã‚   H1: Microsoft outperformed the market t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means    Variable 1 Variable 2 Mean 0.021622876 0.857870722 Variance 0.010072088 19.16458858 Observations 263 263 Pearson Correlation 0.539530773 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 262 t Stat -3.136067434 P(T=t) one-tail 0.000953757 t Critical one-tail 1.650690284 P(T=t) two-tail 0.001907515 t Critical two-tail 1.969059657 Conclusion: From the t-Test above, since the t-stats is greater in value than the   t -critical (irrespective of the -ve sign), we need to accept the alternative hypothesis (H1) which says that Microsoft outperformed the market and reject the Null hypothesis (H0) which says that Microsoft did not outperform the market. We can also infer this conclusion by looking at the P- value, here we can see that the p- value is less than the significance level of .05, therefore we need to accept the alternative hypothesis (H1). ANALYSIS OF MICROSOFT PERFORMANCE WITH CAPM Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.258985259 R Square 0.067073365 Adjusted R Square 0.063498933 Standard Error 0.185690508 Observations 263 ANOVA    df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 0.647027164 0.647027164 18.764764 2.11102E-05 Residual 261 8.999531777 0.034480965 Total 262 9.646558942    Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept -0.32415329 0.011530623 -28.1123831 6.17385E-81 -0.346858177 -0.30145 -0.34686 -0.30145 X Variable 1 0.011371441 0.002625088 4.331831484 2.11102E-05 0.006202393 0.01654 0.006202 0.01654 CAPM :- E(R)=RF+ÃŽ ²[RM-RF] By substituting the CAPM formula into the regression, we have Y= ÃŽ ±+ÃŽ ²x+e Y = dependent variable ÃŽ ± = intercept ÃŽ ² = co-efficient of independent variable e =error When x=0, ÃŽ ± is an estimate of Y, then excess return of Microsoft would be given as: Excess return= -0.32415329+0.011371441+0.185690508 Adjusted R Square = 0.063498933 The adjusted R Square indicates that 6.3% of the variability in the excess return of Microsoft is explained by the market. I.e. for every percentage change of return in the market, Microsoft’s return changes by 6.3%.    BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrews, Paul. How the Web Was Won: Microsoft from Windows to the Web: The Inside Story of How Bill Gates and His Band of Internet Idealists Transformed a Software Empire. New York: Random House, 1999. Consuming, Michael A., Microsoft Secrets: How the Worlds Most Powerful Software Company Creates Technology, Shapes Markets, and Manages People, New York: Free Press, 1995, 512 p. Desmond, Edward W., Microsofts Big Bet on Small Machines, Fortune, July 20, 1998, pp. 86-90. EU, Microsoft Clash Over Monopoly Ruling, Associated Press, April 29, 2004. Evers, Joris, Ballmer: Windows Server 2003 Does More with Less, IDG News Service (San Francisco Bureau). France, Mike, Microsoft: The View at Halftime, Business Week, January 25, 1999, p. 78. Hamm, Steve, No LetupAnd No Apologies: Antitrust Scrutiny Hasnt Eased Microsofts Competitiveness, Business Week, October 26, 1998, p. 58. Higgins, David, The Man Who Owns the Future, Sydney Morning Herald, March 14, 1998, p. 1. Iceboat, Daniel, and Susan L. Knepper, The Making of Microsoft: How Bill Gates and His Team Created the Worlds Most Successful Software Company, Rocklin, Calif.: Prima Publishing, 1991, 304 p. Ichbiah, Daniel, and Susan L. Knepper. The Making of Microsoft: How Bill Gates and His Team Created the Worlds Most Successful Software Company. New York: St. Martins, 1991. Isaacson, Walter, In Search of the Real Bill Gates, Time Magazine, January 13, 1997, pp. 44+. Kirkpatrick, David, He Wants All Your BusinessAnd Hes Starting to Get It, Fortune, May 26, 1997, pp. 58+. Kirkpatrick, David, Microsoft: Is Your Company Its Next Meal?, Fortune, April 27, 1998, pp. 92-102. Krantz, Michael, If You Cant Beat Em Will Bill Gates Bailout Save AppleOr Just Strengthen Microsofts Hand in the Web Wars?, Time Magazine, August 18, 1997, pp. 35+. Manes, Stephen, and Paul Andrews, Gates: How Microsofts Mogul Reinvented an IndustryAnd Made Himself the Richest Man in America, New York: Doubleday, 1993. Mardesich, Jodi, Whats Weighing Down Microsoft?, Fortune, January 11, 1999, pp. 147-48. McKenzie, Richard B., Trust on Trial: How the Microsoft Case Is Reframing the Rules of Competition, Perseus Publishing, 2000. Microsoft Corporation. Inside Out: Microsoft- In Our Own Words. New York: Warner Books, 2000. Moody, Fred, I Sing the Body Electronic: A Year with Microsoft on the Multimedia Frontier, New York: Viking, 1995, 311 p. Nocera, Joseph, High Noon, Fortune, November 23, 1998, pp. 162+. Pollock, Andrew, Media; Microsoft Makes Another Interactive TV Investment, New York Times, January 24, 2000. Schlender, Brent, What Bill Gates Really Wants, Fortune, January 16, 1995, pp. 34+. Stross, Randall E., The Microsoft Way: The Real Story of How the Company Outsmarts Its Competition, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1996, 318 p. Wallace, James, and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire, New York: Wiley, 1992, 426 p. Source: International Directory of Company Histories, Vol.63. St. James Press, 2004. answers.com/topic/microsoft#ixzz1Ia9E8U5d answers.com/main/dsdata?dsid=2940templateid=0cid=27590212qm_page=30703 bighistory.net/microsoft-a-short-history/ fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Microsoft-Corporation- Company-History.html

Three Basic Principles of Utilitarianism

Three Basic Principles of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is one of the most important and influential moral theories of modern times. In many respects, it is the outlook of Scottish philosopher  David Hume (1711-1776) and his writings from the mid-18th century. But it received both its name and its clearest statement in the writings of English philosophers Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Even today Mills essay Utilitarianism, which was published in 1861, remains one of the most widely taught expositions of the doctrine. There are three principles that serve as the basic axioms of utilitarianism. 1. Pleasure or Happiness Is the Only Thing That Truly Has Intrinsic Value. Utilitarianism gets its name from the term utility, which in this context does not mean useful but, rather, means pleasure or happiness.  To say that something has intrinsic value means that it is simply good in itself.  A world in which this thing exists, or is possessed, or is experienced, is better than a world without it (all other things being equal). Intrinsic value contrasts with instrumental value.  Something has instrumental value when it is a means to some end.  For example, a screwdriver has instrumental value to the carpenter; it is not valued for its own sake but for what can be done with it. Now Mill admits that we seem to value some things other than pleasure and happiness for their own sake- we value health, beauty, and knowledge in this way. But he argues that we  never  value anything unless we associate it in some way with pleasure or happiness. Thus, we value beauty because it is pleasurable to behold. We value knowledge because,  usually, it is useful to us in coping with the world, and hence is linked to happiness. We value love and friendship because they are sources of pleasure and happiness. Pleasure and happiness, though, are unique in being valued purely for their own sake. No other reason for valuing them needs to be given. It is better to be happy than sad. This cant really be proved. But everyone thinks this. Mill thinks of happiness as consisting of many and varied pleasures. Thats why he runs the two concepts together. Most utilitarians, though, talk mainly of happiness, and that is what we will do from this point on. 2. Actions Are Right Insofar as They Promote Happiness, Wrong Insofar as They Produce Unhappiness. This principle is controversial. It makes utilitarianism a form of consequentialism since it says that the morality of an action is decided by its consequences. The more happiness is produced among those affected by the action, the better the action is. So, all things being equal, giving presents to a whole gang of children is better than giving a present to just one. Similarly, saving two lives is better than saving one life. That can seem quite sensible. But the principle is controversial because many people would say that what decides the morality of an action is the  motive  behind it. They would say, for instance, that if you give $1,000 to charity because you want to look good to voters in an election, your action is not so deserving of praise as if you gave $50 to charity motivated by compassion, or a sense of duty. 3. Everyones Happiness Counts Equally. This may strike you as a rather obvious moral principle. But when it was put forward by Bentham (in the form, everyone to count for one; no-one for more than one) it was quite radical. Two hundred years ago, it was a commonly held view that some lives, and the happiness they contained, were simply more important and valuable than others.  For example, the lives of masters were more important than slaves; the well-being of a king was more important than that of a peasant. So in Benthams time, this principle of equality was decidedly progressive.  It lay behind calls on the government to pass policies that would benefit all equally, not just the ruling elite. It is also the reason why utilitarianism is very far removed from any kind of egoism. The doctrine does not say that you should strive to maximize your own happiness. Rather, your happiness is just that of one person and carries no special weight. Utilitarians like the Australian philosopher Peter Singer take this idea of treating everyone equally very seriously. Singer argues that we have the same obligation to help needy strangers in far-off places as we have to help those closest to us. Critics think that this makes utilitarianism unrealistic and too demanding. But in Utilitarianism,  Mill attempts to answer this criticism by arguing that the general happiness is best served by each person focusing primarily on themselves and those around them. Benthams commitment to equality was radical in another way, too. Most moral philosophers before him had held that human beings have no particular obligations to animals since animals cant reason or talk, and they lack free will. But in Benthams view, this is irrelevant. What matters is whether an animal is capable of feeling pleasure or pain. He doesnt say that we should treat animals as if they were human. But he does think that the world is a better place if there is more pleasure and less suffering among the animals as well as among us. So we should at least avoid causing animals unnecessary suffering.

The Sociologists Take on Feminism

The Sociologist's Take on Feminism What feminism means is a hotly contested debate in the twenty-first century. Often, efforts to define feminism are hatched in response to critiques or dismissals of it as angry, irrational, and man-hating. The term itself is so widely contested and derided that many people adamantly state that they are not feminists, despite espousing what many consider feminist values and views. So what is feminism really all about? Equality. Not just for women, but for all people, regardless of gender, sexuality, race, culture, religion, ability, class, nationality, or age. Studying feminism from a sociological perspective brings all of this to light. Viewed this way, one can see that feminism has never really been about women. The focus of a feminist critique is a social system that is designed by men, guided by their particular gendered world views and experiences, and designed to privilege their values and experiences at the expense of others. Who those men are, in terms of race and class, among other things, varies from place to place. But at a global level, and especially within Western nations, those men in power have historically been wealthy, white, cisgender, and heterosexual, which is an important historical and contemporary point. Those in power determine how society operates, and they determine it based on their own perspectives, experiences, and interests, which more often than not serve to create unequal and unjust systems. Within the social sciences, the development of a feminist perspective and feminist theories have always been about de-centering the privileged white male perspective from framing social problems, the approach to studying them, how we actually study them, what we conclude about them, and what we try to do about them as a society. Feminist social science begins by casting off the assumptions derived from the particular standpoint of privileged white men. This means not just reconfiguring social science to not privilege men, but also, to de-center whiteness, heterosexuality, middle and upper-class status, ability, and other elements of the dominant perspective in order to create a social science that combats inequality and fosters equality through inclusion. Patricia Hill Collins, one of the most accomplished and important American sociologists alive today, referred to this approach to seeing the world and its peoples as intersectional. This approach recognizes that systems of power and privilege, and of oppression, work together, intersect, and rely upon each other. This concept has become central to todays feminism because understanding intersectionality is central to understanding and fighting inequality. Collinss articulation of the concept (and the lived reality of it) is what makes race, class, sexuality, nationality, ability, and many other things necessary to include in a feminist perspective. For, one is never simply just a woman or a man: one is defined by and operates within these other social constructs that have very real consequences that shape experiences, life chances, perspectives, and values. So what is feminism really all about? Feminism is about fighting inequality in all of its forms, including classism, racism, global corporate colonialism, heterosexism and homophobia, xenophobia, religious intolerance, and of course, the persistent problem of sexism. It is also about fighting these on a global level, and not just within our own communities and societies, because we are all connected by globalized systems of economy and governance, and because of this, power, privilege, and inequality operate on a global scale. Whats not to like?

Politic Matters and Its Effects on Childhood in Congo Research Paper

Politic Matters and Its Effects on Childhood in Congo - Research Paper Example Childhood is a phase everyone goes through to learn, socialize and integrate into the wider society. However, due to the fact that a child is in a preparatory phase of their lives to be ushered into an era where they will work and become productive to their nations, they need to be given proper care and medical attention to ensure that they remain healthy and have a good early life to give optimal results in their adult life. Maintaining and enhancing childhood and child health has not been easy for nations in the developing world, particularly conflict-plagued nations in Africa. These nations are often plagued with war and conflicts. These conflicts make it difficult for Western-influenced medical and social intervention difficult. This paper examines the childhood, war, and conflict as well as how it affects children in Africa with special emphasis on Congo. Child Health & Childhood Childhood is seen as the early years of a person’s life where the person socializes with memb ers of the society and gains an understanding of the world around him or her in preparation for a productive life after age 18 (NICHD Early Childhood Research Network, 2005). In most studies covered by this research though, childhood seems to stretch from the time of birth to about age 12, where a child needs care and attention. As a child grows, s/he needs to get a proper blend of emotional, mental and physical health (Kehily, 2004) in order to become a stable and healthy adult. Emotional health encompasses the right bonds with adults, care and protection from trauma and other harsh conditions that may make a child disturbed. Mental health has to do with the right structures that will give the child a stable mind. Physical health means protection from diseases and other physical injuries that would prevent the child from normal life. In the modern setting, these things should be available to the child as he goes through contact with his or her parents, school and the local communit y. Clarke et al (2003) stress that a good childhood is one in which a child gets the opportunity to grow up an ideal setting. This includes access to good and healthy food, the opportunity to learn and play, protection from diseases and harsh environmental conditions as well as access to proper health care. Child health is the â€Å"professional and academic field that focuses on the determinants, mechanisms and systems that operate and maintain the health, safety, wellbeing and appropriate development of children and their families in countries and societies in order to enhance the future health of society and subsequent generations† (Alexander et al, 2004) This is an aggregate and collective view of the process and system of child health. It shows that child health is about the entire health profession, research, and academic community and its relation with the creation and maintenance of structures and systems that ensure the wellbeing and proper growth of children and the people closest to them that they will normally fall upon for assistance and support.  

Comparison of Wesley and Whitfield on grace and predestination Essay

Comparison of Wesley and Whitfield on grace and predestination - Essay Example Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 V. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 I. Introduction Three prominent religious members lay behind the evangelical movement that arose in English Christianity within the 1730s when Charles, John, and Wesley came together as Methodists. George Whitefield was a Calvinist while John Wesley and his brother Charles Wesley can be considered as Arminians. The reasons for Whitefield’s dedicated attitude can partly be linked to his close friendships with American evangelicals, which led into deeper comprehension of Puritan theology and its significance to evangelism and revivals. The pa per explores the views of Wesley and Whitefield on the theology of grace and predestination. II. Background Prior to his departure, Whitefield’s sermon dwelling on â€Å"On the Nature and Necessity of Our Regeneration or New Birth in Christ Jesus† based on 2 Corinthians 5: 17 â€Å"if any man be in Christ he is a new creature.† In his sermon of 1737, â€Å"the doctrine of our generation, new birth in Christ Jesus† can be regarded as one of the most fundamental. ... agreed wholly with the Wesley that â€Å"nothing but a guarantee that people are born again that all are members of Christ united to Him by one and to the Holy Spirit that He was actuated† can fulfill the heart of man.2 The three also concurred on the nature and degree of the sanctification started through the work of the Holy Spirit within regeneration. When George Whitefield left England in 1739, he was appreciated as a leader of the evangelical awakening. Whitefield handed over his followers to John Wesley’s; nevertheless, when he returned in 1741, Whitefield found that a majority of his spiritual children were hostile to the extent that they sent threatening messages to him that God will speedily destroy him. This emanated from by the fact that, on Whitefield’s departure, Wesley had published a sermon titled â€Å"Free Grace,† which professed to be founded upon, Roman 8:32. John Wesley’s sermon, published in August 1739 and attempted to demonstr ate how God’s Grace is â€Å"free in all and free for all.† Wesley’s message was a robust critique of the doctrine of predestination and election. Wesley believed such a doctrine was a precarious one and that it blasphemed the very person and nature of God. Election represents God’s choosing whom to save and it is unconditional, given that there is no condition man must satisfy before God chooses to save him. Calvinists concur that humankind must meet the condition of faith in Christ so as to inherit eternal life; however, faith is not a condition for election, but rather election is a condition of faith. Whitefield and Wesley could not find a common ground, which split the movement between the adherents of Wesley and those of Whitefield.3 The division arose from the fact that Whitefield and Wesley did not share the

Business -Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business -Assignment - Essay Example The increase in unemployment would result to lesser people having jobs. Lesser people having jobs would translate to lesser Tesco sales. People have less money to buy Tesco products. Clearly, one possible effect is the decline in the company’s sales(Geroski & Gregg, 1997,49). Another possibility is the increase in variable expenses. Inflation would translate to higher prices of commodities, raw materials and other purchase amounts. The company must spend more to purchase the same number of inventory sold in the Tesco Plc stores. The prices of other products sold in its outlets would rise. Obviously, another possibility is the increase in variable expenses(Lipsey & Chrystal,2007,334). A third possibility is an increase in fixed expenses. The electricity cost could increase because of the increase in the electricity company’s operating expenses. The water utility company would increase prices. The telephone costs could demand a price increase. The fixed salary of Tesco employees could increase. Definitely, A third possibility is an increase in fixed expenses(Ingham,2000,47). A fourth possibility is the decline in purchases. A decline in sales would result to an oversupply of products being displayed at the Tesco Plc shops. Many of the inventory items displayed in the Tesco Plc will have a high probability of expiring because of the slowdown in demand for Tesco Plc product. The company, Tesco Plc, will be forced to reduce the number of items purchased due to the large stocks of unsold store items displayed. This reduction in Tesco Plc purchases would ensure that the newly bought products will be sold only after the prior –purchased products have been sold. Surely, a fourth possibility is the decline in purchases(Mullard, 1995,113). A fifth possibility is retrenchment of some employees. A reduction in sales would mean that the company may generate a large decline in the company’s products. Thus, the company has to

Electronic Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Electronic Arts - Essay Example The EA has a significant market share of sports and hero-based video games. The Electronic Art's core competence is its ability to develop high-quality sports and feature games and offer a fascinating gaming experience to the kids, teens, and young adults in many countries around the world. Concentration: Although there are relatively few large competitors in the worldwide video game industry, it is still a heavily saturated market. The high fixed costs of developing a new game lead to increasing competition among the game programmers for the additional unit sales. Product Differentiation: Attributable to EA's efforts to diversify its products from other video games, it has been able to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. They have a few areas in which true product differentiation exists - graphics, price, use of celebrities and licensed themes etc. Cost Conditions: due to the short product life and low customer price sensitivity the economies of scale do not have significant impact on the industry performance. Nevetherless, the learning curve effects are present. There is little threat of entry from companies outside of the video games market, however, within the market there is possible threat from manufacturers not yet fully established in the video games (i.e. manufacturers of game consoles), and even then there are significant barriers. Capital Requirements There are moderate capital requirements associated with entering the video games market as supplies can be outsourced and no major investment into R&D and equipment is needed. Access to Channels of Distribution The channel of distribution is another barrier to entry. This has to due to the fact that the retail channels are already saturated with a variety of competing products from established brands. In addition, there may be preference for distributors to sell products with higher margins or greater marketability and volume, making entry difficult. Threat of Substitutes/Complements Buyer propensity to substitute: There are very few other forms of entertainment that can be considered as direct substitutes for video games. However, within the video games market segment there are a number of substitutes because each manufacturer offers their own product range and the customers rarely have high brand loyalty. Complements: video games constitute a complementary good themselves with regard to the game consoles. Although the demand for them can not be considered purely derived, the video games market capacity does depend on the spread of the gaming devices. Bargaining Power of Buyers Price Sensitivity: the end customer perceives price as an indicator of quality and, therefore, is often price insensitive within certain price range. Concentration: Size of the end customer (i.e. consumer) is small and size of one purchase is small, so the end customer itself lacks the bargaining power. However, the wholesale distributors and retailers are bigger in size and their purchases have impact on the total amount of purchases, so they have also more

Five causes for the public not to trust government, and five causes Coursework

Five causes for the public not to trust government, and five causes for the public to trust government - Coursework Example (Nye Jr., 1997) These are indeed pretty much required because the public views the government as its ultimate savior at the end of the day and if the government misses out on this tangent, then the public has only the government to blame and no one else. The third cause for the public not to trust the government is the way in which government officials run away from the people after they have been elected to their respective offices. This creates a sense of insecurity within the people and they start disrespecting law since they are being continuously treated the wrong way by the government. The fourth cause is the way the government changes its stance every now and so often when it comes to the general and important policies which are drafted by the government on a consistent basis. This is a very pivotal aspect of the debate since these policies indeed pave the way for the future lives of the public. The fifth and last cause includes the government giving up on the service aspect o f the public. This usually happens when the government loses the plot and goes into doubling its own assets and forgets the general public. (Diiulio Jr., 1994) There are also moments when the public trusts the government and this is indeed an aspect which could be seen in the positive aspects under the relationship between the two. First cause includes the way when the government meets the expectations of the public as well as exceeds the very same time and again. This is appreciated by the public and is looked up with a sense of pride and confidence by the people. The second cause of the public trusting the government is when the government takes care of the most basic utilities that are related with the people. This is a very positive aspect and one that needs high praise for the government. The third cause for the public to trust the government is when there are rescue and relief operations carried out on a quick basis by the

The impeachment of Presidents Clinton and Nixon Essay Example for Free

The impeachment of Presidents Clinton and Nixon Essay Clinton was impeached as President of the United States on December 19, 1998 by the House of Representatives. The charges were perjury and obstruction of justice. The Senate acquitted Clinton on both counts in a trail concluding on February 12, 1999. The charges arose from an investigation by independent counsel Kenneth Starr. Originally dealing with the failed land deal years earlier known as Whitewater, Starr expanded his investigation into Clintons conduct during the sexual harassment lawsuit filed by a former Arkansas government employee, Paula Jones. In a sworn deposition taken for this case, Clinton denied having sexual relations with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Based on taped phone conversations between Lewinsky and her confidante, Starr reached the conclusion that Clintons statement constituted perjury. The Senate impeachment trail lasted form January 7, 1999 until February 12. No witnesses were called during the trail. The perjury charge was defeated with 45 votes for conviction and 55 against. The obstruction of justice charge was defeated with 50 for conviction and 50 against. Again, the impeachment effort lacked bipartisan support, with no Democratic votes for conviction. In March, 1998 Kathleen Willey, a White House aide, alleged that Clinton had sexually assaulted her. Also in 1998, Juanita Broaddrick alleged that Clinton had raped her in 1978. No evidence was produces of charges brought; despite being acquitted in his Senate impeachment trail, Clinton was disbarred from practicing Law for five years by the Senate of Arkansas and the United States Supreme Court. President Nixon was impeached in 1974. He was impeached because of high crimes and misdemeanors. President Nixon was involved in many things that lead to his impeachment. Under the first of two articles Nixon was impeached for a variety of things. For starters he had been making false and misleading statements to the government and the public people. He was also withholding information and allowing and encouraging witnesses to give false or misleading statements, and attempted to misuse the CIA. Nixon even went as far as to allow secret payments to influence witnesses and attempted to interfere with FBI and other investigations into the break-ins of the Watergate scandal. Nixon also leaked information about the investigations to  help the accused and insinuating the people who refuse to testify against him or who give false testimony will receive favors. He also engaged in conduct violating the constitutional rights of citizens and impairing the due and proper administration of justice. I think that Congress was well justified to impeach both of these presidents. Looking at every thing that these guys did it is amazing that they were even elected to me. So yes Congress was justified in impeaching President Clinton and President Nixon.

Cell Division Mitosis And Meiosis Biology Essay

Cell Division Mitosis And Meiosis Biology Essay The cell cycle describes the sequence of events that occurs during the life of most eukaryotic cells. It spans through mitosis and cytokinesis,( together referred to as the M phase), then through interphase (G1, S, and G2.) Cell division involves the distribution of identical genetic material, DNA, to two daughter cells. It consists of two phases, nuclear division followed by cytokinesis. Nuclear division divides the genetic material in the nucleus, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.There are two kinds of nuclear division-mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis divides the nucleus so that both daughter cells are genetically identical. In contrast, meiosis is a reduction division, producing genetically variable daughter cells that contain half the genetic information of the parent cell. In either mitosis or meiosis, the whole process begins with the condensation(shortening and thickening) of the genetic material, chromatin, into tightly coiled bodies, the chromosomes. Each chromosome is made of two identical halves called sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Each chromatid consists of a single, tightly coiled molecule of DNA, the genetic material of the cell. In diploid cells, there are two copies of every chromosome, forming a pair, called homologous chromosomes. In a homologous pair of chromosomes, one homologue originated from the maternal parent, the other from the paternal parent. Mitosis There are four phases in mitosis prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase The nucleoli disappear and the chromatin condenses into chromosomes → the nuclear envelope is degraded → the mitotic spindle is assembled. The development of the mitotic spindle begins as the centrosomes move apart to opposite ends (or poles) of the nucleus. As they move apart, microtubules develop from each centrosome. Microtubules from each centrosome connect to a specialized region in the centromere called a kinetochore. Metaphase The chromosomes are distributed across the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane lying at the equator, between the two poles of the spindle. Metaphase ends when the microtubules, still attached to the kinetochores, pull each chromosome apart into two chromatids. Each chromatid is complete with a centromere and a kinetochore. Once separated from its sister chromatid, each chromatid is called a chromosome. Anaphase Begins after the chromosomes are separated into sister chromatids. The microtubules connected to the chromatids shorten, thus, pulling the chromosomes to opposite poles. The microtubules shorten due to uncoupling of tubulin units at their chromosome ends. At the end of anaphase, each pole has a complete set of chromosomes, the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. Since they consist of only one chromatid, each chromosome contains only a single copy of the DNA molecule. Telophase The process of nuclear division is completed here. A nuclear envelope develops around each pole, forming two nuclei. The chromosomes within each of these nuclei disperse into chromatin, and the nucleoli reappear. A constitutive part of the Telophase called Cytokinesis (in my opinion)creates two daughter cells by a process known as cytoplasmic cleavage. Whereas conventional mitosis is all about nuclear division into two daughter nuclei, cytokinesis embodies cytoplasmic division to form two cells. Interphase Sequel to completion of mitosis (cytokinesis, inclusive), interphase begins. It is the resting period (The cell is not actively dividing) , and arguably the growth period of the cell cycle. This growth period is divided into three phases, designated G1, S, and G2 based of their inherent activities. Although the labels G1 and G2 are associated with growth and S with synthesis, it is worth noting that growth takes place during all three phases. However, S phase marks the time during which the second DNA molecule for each chromosome is synthesized. As a result of this DNA replication, each chromosome that appears at the beginning of the next mitotic division will appear as two sister chromatids. During the G2 period of growth, materials for the next mitotic division are prepared. Meiosis Meiosis is very similar to mitosis, however, major distinction is that meiosis consists of two groups of divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II (both consisting of 4 sub-stages) and occurs only in sexually reproducing organisms. In meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair at the metaphase plate, and then the homologues migrate to opposite poles, while, in meiosis II, chromosomes spread across the metaphase plate and sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles. Thus, meiosis II is analogous to mitosis. A summary of each meiotic stage follows: Meiosis I Prophase I Starts like prophase of mitosis. The nucleolus disappears → chromatin condenses into chromosomes→ the nuclear envelope dissolves→ the spindle apparatus develops. Unlike mitosis, however, once the chromosomes are condensed, homologous chromosomes pair, a process called synapsis. These pairs of homologous chromosomes are called tetrads (a group of four chromatids) or bivalents (two pairs). During synapsis, corresponding regions along non-sister chromatids form close associations called chiasmata sites where genetic material is exchanged between non-sister homologous chromatids, a process called crossing over. Metaphase I Homologous pairs of chromosomes are spread across the metaphase plate. Microtubules extending from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of one member of each homologous pair. Microtubules from the other pole are connected to the second member of each homologous pair. Anaphase I Commences when homologues within tetrads uncouple as they are pulled to opposite poles. Telophase I Chromosomes are located at their respective poles, and a nuclear membrane develops around them. Each pole forms a new nucleus that will have half the number of chromosomes, but each chromosome will contain two chromatids. Since daughter nuclei will have half the number of chromosomes, cells that they eventually form will be haploid. As part of telophase I, the cells begin cytokinesis and form cleavage furrows or cell plates. In other species, cytokinesis is delayed until after meiosis II. Also, a short interphase II may begin. No replication of chromosomes occurs during this period. Instead, part II of meiosis begins in both daughter nuclei. Meiosis II Prophase II The nuclear envelope disappears and the spindle develops. There are no chiasmata and no crossing over of genetic material as in prophase I. Metaphase II Chromosomes align singly on the metaphase plate (not in tetrads as in metaphase I). Single alignment of chromosomes is exactly what happens in mitosis except that now there is only half the number of chromosomes. Anaphase II Each chromosome is pulled apart into two chromatids by the microtubules of the spindle apparatus. The chromatids (now chromosomes) migrate to their respective poles. Similar to what happens in mitosis except that now there is only half the number of chromosomes. Telophase II The nuclear envelope reappears at each pole and cytokinesis occurs. The end result of meiosis is four haploid cells (chromosome makeup of each daughter cell designated by n). Each cell contains half the number of chromosomes, and each chromosome consists of only one chromatid. Later in interphase, a second chromatid in each chromosome is replicated, but the cell will still have only half the number of chromosomes. Consequence of Meiotic Error Sometimes, a set of chromosomes has an extra or a missing chromosome. This occurs because of non-disjunction -the chromosomes failed to separate properly during meiosis. This error, which produces the wrong number of chromosomes in a cell, results in severe genetic defects. For example, humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, but individuals with Downs syndrome have three-instead of two-copies of the 21st chromosome. A condition known as trisomy and designated as 2n+1 Chromosomal abnormalities also occur if one or more segments of a chromosome break. The most common example is translocation (a segment of a chromosome moves to another chromosome). Translocation involves transposons, DNA segments that have the ability to move around the genome. Sometimes when they move, they leave behind mutations, and they can cause mutations by inserting into a gene. Fortunately, in most cases, damaged DNA can usually be repaired with special repair enzymes. A Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis Regulation of the Cell Cycle The cell-cycle control system triggers the events of the cell cycle and ensures that these events are properly timed and occur in the correct order. The control system responds to various intracellular and extracellular signals and arrests the cycle when the cell either fails to complete an essential cell-cycle process or encounters unfavourable environmental or intracellular conditions. This control system comprises of several checkpoints a critical control point in the cell cycle. Major checkpoints include G1, G2, and M checkpoints G1 checkpoint the Restriction Point. It ensures that the cell is large enough to divide, and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells. G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been completed successfully Metaphase checkpoint ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore. Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) as the name implies, depend on cyclin for their activity. Oscillations in the activities of various cyclin-Cdk complexes control various cell-cycle events. Thus, actuation of S-phase cyclin-Cdk complexes (S-Cdk) initiates S phase, while activation of M-phase cyclin-Cdk complexes (M-Cdk) triggers mitosis. The mechanisms that control the activities of cyclin-Cdk complexes include phosphorylation of the Cdk subunit, binding of Cdk inhibitor proteins (CIPs), proteolysis of cyclins, and changes in the transcription of genes encoding Cdk regulators. The cell-cycle control system also depends crucially on two additional enzyme complexes, the anaphase promoting complex (APC) and SCF ubiquitin ligases, which catalyze the ubiquitylation and consequent destruction of specific regulatory proteins that control critical events in the cycle. Growth factors Cellular plasma membranes have receptors for external molecules, or growth factors, that stimulate a cell to divide. One such growth factor is produced by damaged cells, stimulating other cells to divide. More than 50 different growth factors are known. Density-dependent inhibition Conventionally, cells stop dividing when the surrounding cell density reaches a certain maximum. Anchorage dependence Some cells cannot divide except they are attached to an external surface, such as the flat surface of a neighbouring cell (or the side of a culture dish). Cells Which No Longer Respond to Cell-Cycle Controls Cancer Cells Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division. Transformed/Mutated cells, cells that have become cancerous, proliferate without regard to cell cycle checkpoints (Cancer cells do not exhibit contact inhibition), density-dependent inhibition (If cultured, they continue to grow on top of each other when the total area of the petri dish has been covered ), anchorage dependence, and other regulatory mechanisms (or possess abnormal signal transduction sequences which falsely convey growth signals thereby bypassing normal growth checks). Thus, cancer is a disease of the cell cycle. Acknowledgement All diagrams/tables were got from http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/f05pm/lect13.htm